A Pair of Tickets Essay - 1419 Words

A Pair of Tickets In the short story A Pair of Tickets, by judging from the title one might think that this is a simple story more about adventure than anything else. In â€Å"A Pair of Tickets† The author Amy Tan uses a symbols to help us understand the theme the story. Family and Culture are the most important topic in this story therefore; it gives us a better understanding of the story. As stated in the context of the story â€Å"Jing-mei is on a train to China, traveling with her seventy-two-year-old father, Canning Woo. As the train enters Shenzhen, China, Jing-mei begins to feel Chinese. Their first stop will be Guangzhou. After her mothers death, a letter arrived from China from her mothers twin daughters from her†¦show more content†¦This was all inside the main character in this story she has Chinese blood, she is discovering what she thought would be a new world yet, she is having an easy time coping with it. The way she was in America is different to the way she is in chin a. For instance when she is in the airport she is not wearing makeup. The sacrifices made for love between parent and child. Almost every character in this story made a scarified for love the main character for instance, tries to reconcile with her real roots and goes to china to carrying with her mother’s dreams of coming home. June may is going to meet her twin sisters something that her mother would of like her to do. June May is to meet the lost twins this reunion will fulfill Suyuan’s dream. She struggles to find her inner self yet she did it for love to her mother despite all the obstacles that she came across such as language and culture. In the end she understands and accepts the importance of her Chinese heritage. Another example is June May mothers she abandoned her twins because she knew they were going to be better without her because she thought she was going to die On the other hand, the family members at the hotel want to eat American food is ironical that while they are in china and June May might expect Chinese food they all want to order hamburgers and fries and this is the deciding they want to eat it not June May. She thinks that inShow MoreRelatedEssay on A Pair of Tickets Amy Tan1128 Words   |  5 PagesA Pair of Tickets Amy Tan Amy Tan’s A Pair Of Tickets is a story concerning family and roots. June May, like the author herself, was a Chinese born in USA and grew up with an American background culture, whereas her mother grew up in China and then immigrated to America. Looking at the repeated words, we discussed that one there are many words such as mother, sister, father and Aiyi. Most of the characters in this story belong to one family, June May’s family. It suggests to us that theRead MoreA Pair of Tickets by Amy Tan Essay697 Words   |  3 Pagescompletely ignorant of their heritage, while the daughter attempts to understand her hopelessly old- fashioned mother, who now seems to harbor a secret wisdom, who, in the end, is right about everything all along. At the opening of the story A Pair of Tickets Jandale Woo and her father are on a train, the are destined for China. Their first stop will be Guangzhou, China where he father will reunite with his long lost aunt. After visiting wit h her for a day they plan to take a plane to Shanghai, ChinaRead MoreThe Implementation Of Yield Management1029 Words   |  5 Pagesbe the most important aspect in distinguishing between success and failure of the system and make the difference between profit and loss of the company. The aim of this essay is to evaluate Yield management in airline companies by suggesting some advantages and disadvantages of using this system in the airline industry. This essay will be conducted as follows: 2.The definition of Yield management 3. Yield management techniques 4.Yield management problems 5.Evaluation (the advantages and disadvantagesRead MoreEssay on Swedish American Contributions to Chicago1069 Words   |  5 PagesThis essay is based on my recent visit to The Swedish American Museum located in the Andersonville community at 5211 S. Clark Street in Chicago, Illinois. In the 1850s the area was considered to be north of Foster and east of Clark was a large cherry orchard, and families had only begun to move into the fringes of what is now Andersonville. Swedish immigrants continued to arrive in Andersonville throughout the beginning of the 20th century. The Swedish American Museum was founded in 1976, by KurtRead MoreAssessment Is A Large Part Of Every Classroom969 Words   |  4 PagesAssessment is a large part of every classroom. In order to gauge student understanding, assessments are required in the classroom. They can range in complexity from a simple exit ticket or traditional formal assessment. Using a variety of assessment types is important to give students a multitude of ways to show their learning. Teachers need to be cognizant of their students, and assessments provide the means to understand students better. I have used many different assessments. A primary focusRead MoreReflection Of The Literature Class873 Words   |  4 PagesThe following is a reflective essay that will elaborate on what I have achieved on the Literature class that was about sixteen weeks longs. The first week was doing introduction to ourselves in divided groups of other students. Through the discussion board everyone had a chance to talk about themselves, basic background history, interests, major career and the what one hopes to learn from the Literature class. The following are few of the topics that caught my eye during the quarter which includesRead MoreThe Importance of Fashion as a Social Hierarchy Statement Essay1548 Words   |  7 Pageselite and the lower class in terms of their fashion taste. This essay consists of three parts; the first part will look at the London Fashion Week applying Bourdieu’s concepts, the second part will describe the difference sorts of capital required for elite women t o join the ‘secret club’ of Haute Couture and it will determine whether the garments worn are used as conspicuous consumption or as cultural capital, and finally this essay will examine if clothes are still a mark of distinction or has itRead MoreBrazilian Culture Based On Five Dimensions Of Hofstede s Theory Essay1565 Words   |  7 Pagesto different countries within a day compared to the past time. 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Starting off, the pair of short storiesRead MoreA Thousand Splendid Suns2892 Words   |  12 PagesPrepare  students  as  necessary:  a)  this   lesson  assumes  that  all  students  have   read  A  Thousand  Splendid  Suns,  and  that   students  have  clear  expectations  (e.g.   rubrics  or  exemplars)  for  both  oral  and   written  response,  namely  group   presentations  and  expository,  essay† prompt†based  writing;  b)  this  lesson  can   be  taught  in  isolation  of  World  Studies   and  Civics.  Ã‚  However,  student  learning   may  be  enhanced  by  a  basic  knowledge   of  Afghanistan  and  its  recent  history,  as   well  as  the  current  situation  of  Afghan   refugees

Critical Discourse Analysis - 1347 Words

2.1. Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA): 2.1.1. What is CDA? 2.1.1.1. Critical, discourse and analysis Before beginning to address what CDA is, it is important to be clear about what is meant by the concepts of critical, discourse, and analysis: The notion of ‘critical’ is primarily associated with the critical theory of the Frankfurt School where social theory should be oriented towards critiquing and changing society. In CDA, the concept of ‘critical’ is applied to the engagement with power relations. In this sense the role of CDA is to uncloak the hidden power relations, largely constructed through language, and to demonstrate and challenge social inequities reinforced and reproduced.†¦show more content†¦2.1.3. The functions and aims of CDA: Van Dijk (1993) argued that â€Å"CDA deal primarily with the discourse dimensions of power abuse and the injustice and inequality that result from it†. He (1993) added that CDA criticize â€Å"the power elites that enact, sustain, legitimate, condone or ignore social inequality and injustice† and that CDA focuses on â€Å"real problems, that is the serious problems thatShow MoreRelatedCritical Discourse Analysis1510 Words   |  7 PagesCritical Discourse Analysis Social communication is increasingly becoming a subject of scientists’ discussions from different disciplines, as well as ordinary language users.  In contemporary social sciences, especially in linguistics, we see a clear shift to discourse.  Discourse allows us to talk about use of the language, as well as the language as a socio-cultural activity.  In this sense, discourse, on one hand, reflects the social reality, on the other hand, it shapes it, therefore participateRead MoreCritical Discourse Analysis ( Cda )1507 Words   |  7 PagesCritical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is an interdisciplinary approach, which has been further developed on the basis of Discourse Analysis (DA) since 1970s. The insights have been expanded into a broader range of social, cultural, psychological and political practices. It is regarded as the textual study aiming to elucidate the abuses of power residing in the texts by analyzing linguistic/semiotic remarks in accordance with the existing (social, political, cultural, etc.) contexts in which those textsRead MoreA Critical Discourse Analysis Framework Essay1077 Words   |  5 PagesMethodology A critical discourse analysis framework News is manufactured industrially and deeply influenced by the bureaucratic and economic structure of the media industry, by relations between the media and other industries, and by relations with authoritative apparatuses and institutions such as government. It reflects the prevailing values of a society in a particular historical context and simultaneously shapes the society in return (Fowler, 1991/2013). Although we cannot simply suggest anRead MoreA Critical Discourse Analysis ( Cda ) And Argumentation Theory860 Words   |  4 Pages The current empirical study constitutes a critical discourse analysis of part of the discourse that surrounds the New Caledonian independence issue. It aims to explore audience response to political speeches, to investigate how politicians attempt to persuade people to follow a particular course of action, to link the notions of discourse and action to the cognitive dimensions of ideology and presuppositions, to further clarify various contextual factors, such as power configurations, to describeRead MoreCritical Discourse Analysis of the Movie Love Actually3536 Words   |  15 PagesCRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF THE MOVIE LOVE ACTUALLY Love Actually is All Around†¦ Leon Koshcheyev English 2010 Professor O. Pimentel Love Actually is the ultimate romantic comedy written and directed by Richard Curtis. This film consist of dozens of different love stories that like a quilt are weaved together to make one story about love. It is about love in its many forms: love between family members, love between husbands and wives, innocent love, undeclared love, and romantic love. TheRead MoreCritical Discourse Analysis For An International Crisis Happening Thousands Miles Away Essay745 Words   |  3 PagesMethodology Critical discourse analysis For an international crisis happening thousands miles away, it is not sufficient to be understood without acknowledging itself as a mediated complex. From critical linguistics perspective, Fowler (1991/2013) believes â€Å"news is socially constructed. What events are reported is not a reflection of intrinsic importance of those events, but reveals the operation of a complex and artificial set of criteria for selection† (p. 2). â€Å"The news media select events forRead More Critical Discourse Analysis Essay2431 Words   |  10 PagesCritical Discourse Analysis Jan blommaert and Chris Bulcaen makes a brief introduction to the study of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). CDA intends to use social-theoretical method in discourse analysis and is primarily linguistically based (Blommaet Bulcaen, 2000, p.447). It intends to analyze the structural relationships of dominance, discrimination, power and control through a textual study (Blommaet Bulcaen, 2000, p.448). Based on the assumption that social discourse is constructed andRead MoreSocial Transformations Of New Capitalism1611 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscourse, and specifically discourse that reveals social transformations of New Capitalism, but to determine how societies work and produce both beneficial and detrimental effects and of how the detrimental effects can be mitigated if not eliminated (Christie, 2003, p. 203). Fairclough’s critical approach to texts societal elements affect personhood via discourse. Through his exploration of how the New Capitalism imposes constraints on individuals and societies, Fairclough argues that all peopleRead MoreDiscourse Features Of Mental Health1658 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Discourse features of mental health community have been studied by many scholars. As Morrow (2006) described, there are numerous studies of doctor/patient interaction and of the interaction between other health care professionals and their clients. The research of online community that has gained increased attention by public media and health experts (Wolf et al, 2013) appeared, and there was also critical discourse analysis on the pro-anorexia movement (Knapton, 2013). From these researchesRead MoreMental Representation Of Critical Discourse Analysis2338 Words   |  10 PagesMental representation in Critical Discourse Analysis Levels of analysis This phrase is applied to social sciences to point to the location, size or scale of a research target. It is unique from the term ‘unit of observation† as the former relates to an integrated set of relationships while the latter is about the distinct unit from which data will be gathered. The levels of analysis are not mutually exclusive but an in critical discuss analysis research generally falls under micro level and the

Environmental Impact of Solid Waste Management- Literature Review

Question: Discuss about theEnvironmental Impact of Solid Waste Management. Answer: Introduction The disposals of the solid wastes have become a menace; the issue has become so severe that the human race is searching for better ways of waste management for reducing the impact of the wastes (Chandrappa and Brown 2012). The large amounts of wastes have resulted in spreading of diseases and environmental pollution. The existing techniques like land filling, incineration, etc. have not been very successful in managing the solid wastes. Hence a proper waste management is the need of the hour. In this report, the different mechanism for management of solid wastes have been having been deliberated, and the environmental impact of the scheme has been discussed. The technique of land filling may be very cheap but the environmental impact of the process is very acute and leads to contamination of the groundwater level and leads to production of harmful gases. Finally, in the later sections a single waste management principle will be selected and will be deliberated for successful manageme nt of wastes. Literature Review Improper disposal of wastes creates pollution which affects every organism of the environment whether they reside in air, water or the soil (Alam and Ahmade 2013). According to the authors, the indiscriminate disposal of the wastages into the environment contaminates the water on the ground and the underground reserves. The solid wastes are also responsible for the clogged drains and become a breeding ground for the infamous mosquitoes and insects responsible for spreading diseases. For understanding the impact of the solid wastes on the human life, a case study has been done by Sankoh Yan and Tran (2013). The case study has discussed the Granville Brook dumpsite located in free town, Sierra Leone. The paper deliberates the impact of the solid waste disposal at the site. For the survey, a questionnaire had been prepared, and three hundred and ninety-eight households residing near to the dumpsite has been questioned. According to the survey, the families who resided near to the dumpsi te suffered from the variety of diseases which are stomach related diseases like diarrhea, cholera and other airborne diseases like chest pain and communicable diseases like malaria. The dumpsite location had a great impact in making people sick. Finally it had been suggested to move the dumpsite well far off the human reach to make a healthy environment for the residents. According to the authors of the paper, solid waste management, the disposal of waste had been present from the very beginning of the civilization but the lesser population had not made it look like an epidemic, but with the increasing population the waste disposal has become a menace (Kaushika Reddy and Kaushik 2016). The solid wastes are created as a result of various activities and can be classified into four major categories, which are: residential, construction or demolition, institutional and industrial (Alam and Ahmade 2013). According to Kaushika Reddy and Kaushik(2016) the wastes can be either solid or liquid and solid waste among the two is more menacing. There are three major types of pollutions which are air, water and soil and the solid wastes contribute heavily in the entire three sectors making it the most problematic. It has been aptly stated byAbarca-Guerrero Maas and Hogland(2015) that solid waste management has become a challenge to the cities, because of the ever-i ncreasing amount of the solid wastes and the diversity of the solid wastes that are created at the various demographics. Hence in this paper, the stakeholders of the waste management have been deliberated in detail. According to the Alam and Ahmade(2013), the various types of the solid waste disposal techniques are composting, pyrolysis, gasification, compaction and incineration. Incineration is the process of burning the waste that is mainly organic; since the incineration drastically reduces the volume of the solid wastes. Since the fumes that are created from the waste are pretty harmful, the process is being criticized recently are the pollution is spread throughout the world with the air. The air pollution leads to decreasing air quality, odors, global warming, etc. (Hashisho and El-Fadel 2014).The process of compaction involves reduction of the size of the wastes so that more of the wastes can be stored at the same place. The disposals of cars are done in the same way. The compaction is also used for landfilling and increases the life span of land fill (Singh et al. 2014). The other methods which have been stated in the above section are not used extensively but can be very effective the management of the wastes. Research Questions, Aim and Sub-Goals Research Questions What are the ways of effectively managing the solid wastes? Impact of the various management techniques on the environment? How to solve the present risks for better solid management? Aims and Sub Goals The aim of this report is to follow the hierarchy for the creation of effective waste management strategy. Figure 1: Waste management strategy (As created by author) The first two stages are the part of waste disposal and the preliminary waste reduction technique. The subsequent two stages are used for maximum energy extraction of the generated wastes, and the final stage is meant for management of the resources (Niza et al..2014). Hence the objectives of the project are: Minimization of the toxic material entering the cycle. Maximization of the reuse and recycling. Proving the leadership for successful waste disposal. Building an environment compliant way for using the resources. Finally disposing of the residue in the environment-friendly way. For the sake of producing the desired output, the electronic waste disposal techniques have been presented in the following sections. Theoretical Content/ Methodology The industrial revolutions followed by the electronic revolution have resulted in the creation of electronic goods that are responsible for the present data communication and the information technology. The massive growths in the field of electronics have resulted in the creation of a new set of problems in the form of electronic wastes which is highly toxic and have a great environmental impact (Kiddee Naidu and Wong 2013). The electronic wastes are the discarded electronic products, namely, Fax machines, tape recorder, cell phones computers, etc. The E-wastes as it is popularly termed becomes toxic because of the presence of the certain hazardous components. Like toxic gasses, metal (mercury, rare earth metals, etc.), chlorinates, etc., since in the present decade the computers and the mobile phones have become a daily necessity, the need for proper disposal if the wastes become very critical (Zhang et al. 2014). The disposal of the E-wastes as landfill had been seen as a viable option, but with the implementation, it was noted that the landfilled E-wastes created a variety of leachates that went into the ground water reserve and contaminated it. Hence landfilling became a major disaster in the area making the technique unsuitable for such wastes. Simultaneously other methods like melting of the computer chips were tried but disposing of such wastes made the ground extremely acidic making the ground unsuitable for cultivation (Laurent et al. 2014).The sites of the E-waste disposal are hence suffering the acute shortage of the natural drinking water due to the disposal of the acidic wastes into the water instead of soil. Incineration which is common to many countries also creates air pollution and releases toxic fumes into the air thus creating a plethora of air bore diseases. Thus to prevent such a drastic effect on the environment, the countries have come together to address the challenges t hat arise due to the E-wastes. The various toxic that are part of the electronic wastes are the lead obtained from PCBs (printed circuit board), glass panel and gaskets, Cadmium form the semiconductors, Mercury from the PCBs, relays and switches, Chromium from the Steels, Plastics from the cabinets and the cables, Bromine from the cabinets, Barium from CRTs (Cathode Rays Tubes) and beryllium from the mother board (Ladou and Lovegrove 2013). For the effective management of the waste production and management, Bessel Convention, was done in which various agreements were signed. The main aim of the Bessel Convention was to prevent the movement of the solid wastes across the border of the countries. For the management on the regional basis, various factors like the present economic structure, environmental condition, and regional power were considered (Hadi et al. 2015). So Bessel convention seeks the growth of all without hurting the environment. In this paper, the recycling of the val ue able earth metals from the electronics wastes has been presented that will help in reduction of the disposal of the toxic metals in the earth. Experimental Setup and Potential Limitations The objective of this experiment is to extract eh rare earth metals from the electronic wastes. The rare earth metal are extremely important for the economy of the country and the generation of the rare earth metals will also reduce the amount of the toxic metal into the ecosystem that will not only help in revival of the environment but will also help the economy by reducing the dependency upon the natural resources (Jadhao et al. 2015). The presence of the various metals in the components of the computer has already been presented, the main concentration of the important metal lies in the batter, PCBs, GPS, alloys, etc. The rare earth metals are used in a plethora of application like catalysts, computer equipment, etc. For the extraction of the metal of the computer parts, the process of leaching and chelating has been thought upon. Leaching is the process of extracting the metals with the help of dissolving liquid that dissolves the metal and then the metal is extracted from the solution using the proper reagent. Chelating too is similar to the process of the leaching but the leaching is done with the help of the acids and chelating is done with the help of more selective organic compounds namely EDTA (Hong and Valix 2014). The metals are natively reducing agents. Hence the organic compounds which are known for their bonding capacity are used for chelating. In this experiment, the metals will be extracted with the help of smectite clay that will be chemically modified to obtain the organic compound PEHA (PolyEtheleneHexAmine) by the process of intercalating. The metals will be extracted with the help of PEHA, and the presence of the metal in the solution will be calculated by calculating the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of the solution. Results, Outcome and Relevance The implementation of the process will not only reduce the dependency upon the mining and then extraction of the metals but will also increase the quality of life for the people. The metals and the toxic substances that are used in the process can be recycled that will reduce the acidification tendency the wastes thus making it more environment-friendly. The other competitive advantages that can be achieved with the help of this extraction technique and then disposal are (Chauhan Pant and Nigam 2015): Makes an economy self-reliant and reduces the dependence on the other economies. The cost of the extraction in the case of recycling is much lower compared to the process of mining and extraction. The other waste disposal techniques have high pollution rates due to air pollution, water pollution, and soil pollution, but in this process, the polluting agents are removed successfully thus reducing the impact (Huang et al. 2014). The extraction technique is cheaper compared to the existing costlier techniques. The process that has been discussed for implementation, leaching and chelating, is also less time consuming compared to the other techniques (Pant et al. 2012). Project Planning and Gantt Chart For the success of the project, it should be borne in mind that the project planning has been done properly and the manager who is responsible for the management pays proper heed to the resources that are used for the implementation of the project. It should also be taken into account that not following the time like will result in cost overrun and will adversely affect the project status (Kerzner 2013). For the management of the project the following structure has been created: Figure 2: Project hierarchy (As created by author) The above hierarchy shows the reporting of the various stakeholders for the project implementation. The manager is responsible for interaction with the clients and the other stakeholders of the project (Schwalbe 2015). Hence is very important that the goals and the objectives of the project are well understood by the manager of the project. The Analyst or the business analyst is responsible for the successful estimation of the budget and the financial of the project. The analyst helps in understanding the financial contingencies and hence is an integral part of the project ecosystem. The industrial manager is responsible for the interaction between the project components and the project manager and makes sure that all the details are being followed according to the requirement. The hierarchy has been constructed in a way to reduce the contingencies that might arise due to mismanagement, some of them are: Cost overrun: A safe practice of including 15 percent more financial need is included for accommodating the various risks that may arise during implementation. Extra time: Time should be treated as the most vital resource and should be planned accordingly to avoid delayed implementation and cost overrun. Disputes: Should be treated at the very initial level to avoid litigation. The timeline as has been stated is the most important resource; hence a Gantt chart has been prepared for the implementation that has been done till now: Figure 3: Gantt chart for the implementation (As created by author) Conclusion The report that has been deliberated contains all the necessary details that are needed for understanding the effect of the solid wastes that are created due to various human activities. The solid wastes are more disastrous as unlike the air and water pollutants these wastes pollute every this starting from air, water to soil and even the underground reserves. Hence the treatment towards the solid wastes too should be different. Hence in this report methods to reduce the solid wastes have been presented and it has also been tried to adopt a mechanism to reduce the harmful effects of the solid wastes. For mitigating the impact of the toxics of the electronic wastes that has become rampant these data, chelating and leaching has been suggested for extraction of the various rare earth metal and the toxic metal that are extensively used for the manufacturing of the electronic goods and the mechanism for the implementing the process has been discussed. The suggested process will not only r educe the impact of toxics on the environment but will also reduce the amount of wastes in the world. References Abarca-Guerrero, L., Maas, G. and Hogland, W., 2015. Solid waste management challenges for cities in developing countries.Revista Tecnologa en Marcha,28(2), pp.141-168. Alam, P. and Ahmad, K., 2013. The impact of solid waste on health and the environment. Int J Sustain Develop Green Econ (Special Issue) V-2, pp.1-1. Chandrappa, R. and Brown, J., 2012.Solid waste management: Principles and practice. Springer Science Business Media. Chauhan, G., Pant, K.K. and Nigam, K.D.P., 2015. Chelation technology: a promising green approach for resource management and waste minimization.Environmental Science: Processes Impacts,17(1), pp.12-40. Hadi, Pejman, Meng Xu, Carol SK Lin, Chi-Wai Hui, and Gordon McKay. "Waste printed circuit board recycling techniques and product utilization."Journal of hazardous materials283 (2015): 234-243. Hashisho, J. and El-Fadel, M., 2014. Determinants of Optimal Aerobic Bioreactor Landfilling for the Treatment of the Organic Fraction of Municipal Waste.Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology,44(16), pp.1865-1891. Hong, Y. and Valix, M., 2014. Bioleaching of electronic waste using acidophilic sulfur oxidizing bacteria. Journal of Cleaner Production,65, pp.465-472. Huang, J., Nkrumah, P.N., Anim, D.O. and Mensah, E., 2014. e-Waste disposal effects on the aquatic environment: Accra, Ghana. InReviews of environmental contamination and toxicology(pp. 19-34). Springer International Publishing. Jadhav, P., Chauhan, G., Pant, K.K. and Nigam, K.D.P., 2015. Greener approach for the extraction of copper metal from electronic waste.Waste Management. Kaushika, N.D., Reddy, K.S. and Kaushik, K., 2016. Solid Waste Management. InSustainable Energy and the Environment: A Clean Technology Approach(pp. 197-209). Springer International Publishing. Kerzner, H.R., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Kiddee, P., Naidu, R. and Wong, M.H., 2013. Electronic waste management approaches An overview. Waste Management,33(5), pp.1237-1250. Lou, J., and Lovegrove, S., 2013. Export of electronics equipment waste.International Journal of occupational and environmental health. Laurent, A., Clavreul, J., Branstad, A., Bakos, I., Niero, M., Gentil, E., Christensen, T.H. and Hauschild, M.Z., 2014. Review of LCA studies of solid waste management systemsPart II: Methodological guidance for a better practice.Waste Management,34(3), pp.589-606. Niza, S., Santos, E., Costa, I., Ribeiro, P. and Ferro, P., 2014. Extended producer responsibility policy in Portugal: a strategy towards improving waste management performance.Journal of cleaner production,64, pp.277-287.0 Pant, D., Joshi, D., Upreti, M.K. and Kotnala, R.K., 2012. Chemical and biological extraction of metals present in E-waste: a hybrid technology.Waste Management,32(5), pp.979-990. Sankoh, F.P., Yan, X. and Tran, Q., 2013. Environmental and Health Impact of Solid Waste Disposal in Developing Cities: A Case Study of Granville Brook Dumpsite, Freetown, Sierra Leone.Journal of Environmental Protection,2013. Schwalbe, K., 2015.Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Singh, K., Kadambala, R., Jain, P., Xu, Q. and Townsend, T.G., 2014. Anisotropy estimation of compacted municipal solid waste using pressurized vertical well liquids injection.Waste Management Research,32(6), pp.482-491. Zhang, Q., Ye, J., Chen, J., Xu, H., Wang, C. and Zhao, M., 2014. Risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls and heavy metals in soils of an abandoned e-waste site in China.Environmental Pollution,185, pp.258-265.

Jackson Pollock Working Methods Essays - American Abstract Artists

Jackson Pollock: Working Methods Jackson Pollack was a complex man who brought many things into the forefront of impressionism. Although he led a very short life of 44 years he was known as one of the pioneers of abstract impressionism. His abstract painting techniques and unhealthy psychological being made him very sought after, studied and critiqued. Within his complexity came out a brilliant artist that was widely considered the most influential painter of the 20th century. Pollack's first documented adventure into the art world was in 1929 when he began to study painting at the Art Students' League in New York City. Jackson, by this time in his life had already become a full-blown alcoholic. His brother, Sanford who taught as an apprentice at the school, was living with him in 1937 while Jackson continued attending school, wrote to Charles Beard a family friend. Jack has been having a very difficult time with himself. This past year has been a succession of periods of emotional instability for him which is usually expressed by a complete loss of responsibility both to himself and to us. Accompanied, of course with drinking. It came to the point where it was obvious that the man needed help. He was mentally sick. So I took him to a well recommended Doctor, a Psychiatrist, who has been trying to help the man find himself. As you know troubles such as his are very deep-rooted, in childhood usually, and it takes a long while to get them ironed out. He has been going some six months now and I feel there is a slight improvement in his point of view.1 Jackson Pollock was a very troubled man with deep personal issues. He tried to express himself through his paintings, his only release valve for his troubles and issues. He had had troublesome behavior from the time he was an adolescent and had already developed a drinking problem by the age of sixteen. By the age of twenty-five he had been in a car accident which was his fault, and had been arrested in Martha's Vineyard for drunkenness and disturbing the peace.2 Jackson was definitely headed down the wrong trail. One of Jackson's good life influences was Thomas Hart Benton who not only gave him his first true guidance in painting, but also introduced him to popular literature on psychology and to literary friends with special interest in the mind and its workings. Shortly after starting to study under Benton, Pollack became a family friend by spending part of each summer at the Bentons' vacationing cottage on Martha's Vineyard.3 In his early works he was mostly dedicated to Regional ist work being heavily influenced by Mexican muralist painters Orozco, Rivera, and Sizueiros. Although he did experiment with abstraction of objects in line type paintings. Even with being trained under a realist in Benton, Jackson branched out to explore the expression of himself through his abstract paintings. In 1936 Pollock worked in a experimental workshop where he worked on floats and banners for the Communist demonstrations, but shortly his interest in politics diminished and the one for psychological arose. 1939 brought Jackson's his first psychological treatment from psychoanalyst Dr. Joseph Henderson. From 1938 to 1942 Pollock worked for the Federal Art Project, and by the mid-40's he was painting in a completely abstract manner. In 1944 Jackson met and married his Lee Krasner, also an abstract impressionist of great influence in the 20th century. In 1947 Pollock abruptly started working in what he was famous for, his drip and splash method. He continued painting throughou t the early 50's, and in 1956 Time magazine named Jackson Jack the Dripper.4 Later in 1956, Pollock would shock the world when he was in a fatal car wreck which added to his already legendary status as an artist, and was a demonstration of the harsh violent displayed in his paintings. Jackson was most well known for his drip paintings, which were created in a very unheard of?unusual way. He attached his canvases to the wall or floor dancing around them attacking it from all four sides. He would use about anything but a paintbrush to apply the paint to the canvas. He most often stood over the work slinging

The Aufbau Principleâ€Definition, Rules and Exceptions

The Aufbau Principle- Definition, Rules and Exceptions The Aufbau principle, simply put, means electrons are added to orbitals as protons are added to an atom. The term comes from the German word aufbau, which means built up or construction. Lower electron orbitals fill before higher orbitals do, building up the electron shell. The end result is that the atom, ion, or molecule forms the most stable electron configuration. The Aufbau principle outlines the rules used to determine how electrons organize into shells and subshells around the atomic nucleus. Electrons go into the subshell having the lowest possible energy.An orbital can hold at most 2 electrons obeying the Pauli exclusion principle.Electrons obey Hunds rule, which states that electrons spread out before they pair up if there are two or more energetically equivalent orbitals (e.g., p, d). Aufbau Principle Exceptions Like most rules, there are exceptions.  Half-filled and completely filled d and f subshells add stability to atoms, so the d and f block elements dont always follow the principle. For example, the predicted Aufbau configuration for Cr is 4s23d4, but the observed configuration is actually 4s13d5. This actually reduces electron-electron repulsion in the atom, since each electron has its own seat in the subshell. Aufbau Rule Definition A related term is the Aufbau Rule, which states that the filling of different electron subshells is by order of increasing energy following the (n 1) rule. The nuclear shell model is a similar model that predicts the configuration of protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus.

Holiday Skits for Young Students

Holiday Skits for Young Students Developing holiday skits and plays for young students can be a challenge. This list of ideas for imaginative holiday performances can help you to create an event that is enjoyable for children and their parents. Religious Christmas Plays For religious or private schools, Christian Crafters offers a long list of good-natured Christmas skits. Some are Biblically inspired, while others share warm-hearted stories of faith and holiday spirit. Another Christian themed website showcases an extensive catalog of free skits and plays celebrating the historical and mythical St. Nicholas. Secular Christmas Plays For teachers looking for a more secular approach to holiday skits, Apples 4 the Teacher provides an abundance of creative resources for teachers. Festival of Lights Finally, there are a few sites that offer scripts for Hanukah. The Tree of Light is a full-length musical that can be performed, royalty-free, so long as teachers request permission from the playwright. And for older students who might enjoy classic sketch comedy from vintage 1980s Saturday Night Live, recreate this whimsical skit about â€Å"Hanukah Harry.† Each of these choices will bring laughter, fun, and creativity into your classroom†¦ all the while spreading a bit of holiday cheer!

Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Speech - Essay Example as always had a problem of young and lustful politicians suddenly rising to power and then abusing it, so requiring new senators to gain some experience before they enter the senate will slow down but not totally destroy their ambitions. In addition to this, Sulla also required that a two-year stand-down was required for elected officials before entering a higher office. Politicians need to have restrictions in place so that they do not abuse their power. Ensuring these reforms are kept makes sure that politicians have checks and balances that they cannot go past. Secondly, assigning different types of cases to a specialized court allows the judge to rule fairly. Also, the senate would be required to sit in on all cases; this would ensure some form of impartiality within the court system. If the legal system is abused, then it could lead to all kinds of chaos. I plead with all you senators that you take my advice into consideration and not get rid of every reform that Sulla

Movies Influence Among the People Research Proposal

Movies Influence Among the People - Research Proposal Example The most popular and influential of all movie industries is obviously, Hollywood. According to Allan and Barbara Pease, American films have been one media that brought about the vast spreading of American culture throughout the world, even in shaping the culture of the younger generation of in some parts of Asia. Hollywood plays a big part in the development of one's culture, as well as in the development of one's life. The media gives, and the audience receives. By studying (Hollywood) movie fanatics, we will know the reason as to why these people love to watch movies a lot; it could be discovered what genre of movies people of a certain culture prefer - as this is related to their daily routine and lifestyle; finding out if movie fanatics lead lives influenced by movies, or if these have affected their lives. Hollywood, too, is quite curious as to the numbers that upcoming box office hits may produce. They have hired three companies, namely, IAG Research, OTX, and the National Research Group to actually study these. These companies conduct different surveys, but only have one question they want answered, "Are movie goers still interested in a new release" (Horn 1). Just like in anything else, movie goers too have their own preferences when it comes to the movies they are fond of watching. Is this connected to their culture and lifestyle That is one question we would like to find out. In 2008, it has been noted that one of the quite surprising box-office results has been the performance of the movie, "The Game Plan." Most movies usually drop some 50% every weekend. However, this feel-good football film stays on, even on its second week of release (Horn 2). Americans are sports lovers by nature, and having baseball, football, and basketball in the list, this movie surely captured the audie nces by its relation to their cultural side, as a sporty nation. It is also to be noted that the movie showed the story of a father and his estranged daughter, which also reflect a part of the American lifestyle today. Movies' influence among the people is very strong that scenes depicting the stars smoking are being asked to be removed from youth-rated movies as this could influence, mostly the young members of society when they see their favorite star having a fondness for it (Guardian News and Media 2008). The lifestyle of the current times is very much faster and more stressful compared to those in the past that watching movies have been such a pacifier against stressful living. The movies create an escape from reality, and into the land of one's imaginary desires. Whatever the theme may be, it is a refuge for the busy minds of today's world and the hustle and bustle that comes with it (Connors). Plans for the Research Since movies are released weekly in the cinemas, plus movie goers are everywhere - as it is quite a trend, having movie watching considered as a recreation for some, it would probably take 4-6 weeks to complete the research. Observing the weekly releases and how the people in general respond to it is one way of gauging what do movie goers/movie fanatics really want, in terms of movies' genre. The

The impact of the First World War Essay Example for Free

The impact of the First World War Essay Using the four passages and your own knowledge, assess the view that the impact of the First World War was the main reason for the booming economy in the USA in the 1920’s (40 Marks) I believe that the First World War did not have as much of a significant impact on the American economy as mass production, infact i however see that instead of benefiting the economy the War in fact had the reverse effect to that of which interpretation A and C suggest that the war was the most important factor of the 1920’s American economic boom. Firstly, the biggest reason as to why mass production was the main reason for the economic boom was that the American GNP soaring from $72.4 billion in 1919 to $104 billion 1929 only 15 years after mass production was first implemented in America, the figures show the huge impact that mass production had upon the American economy, this is direct evidence of the huge impact mass production had as opposed to the 3 other interpretations which do not have any direct evidence of the impact they had upon the American economy, this is supporting that mass production had the most important impact on the American economy and shows evidence of why mass production was the main reason for the 1920’s boom. This leads to a criticism of source A as the interpretation does not refer to The First Wold War costing America over $32 Billion, instead of injecting growth into the economy the war in fact had the reverse effect as less money was available in America leading to slow growth in the economy. Mass production had a positive effect upon economy, boosting its GNP through stimulation of the American retail market. This supports why the War was not beneficial to the economic boom of the 20’s compared to mass production. Interpretation B states that ‘the key to the boom was a tremendous increase in productivity resulting from technological innovation and the application of scientific management’ this goes against the point that interpretation D suggests that Andrew Mellon was the key figure of the 1920’s boom in America. The reason why scientific management had a bigger impact than Andrew Mellon’s  reforms is because the implementation of mass production saw workers’ pay increased from $710 to $857, whereas Mellons reforms were based upon the banking in America which had little effect upon all classes whereas mass production benefited all classes of society. Also the scientific changes to production and the national scale it happened saw upon America begin to prosper and boom far before Andrew Mellons policies were implemented, after which there was little impact by Mellons policies as opposed to mass production which propelled the boom this supports the fact that mass production was the key reason for the booming economy in America. Mass production was the main reason for the economic boom is because once it was introduced in 1914 just a few years later there became a clear direct change to Americas economy as interpretation B states ‘Although the population grew by only 16% during the decade, industrial production almost doubled’ The increase in production saw the American economy begin to produce more and more goods, leading to a sharp increase in jobs, sales and profits. This supports my point that mass production was the most important factor to the American economic boom. Further support for mass production being the catalyst for the economic boom is because once production in mass was introduced in 1914 just a few years later there became a clear direct change to Americas economy as interpretation B supports ‘Although the population grew by only 16% during the decade, industrial production almost doubled’ The increase in production saw the American economy begin to produce more and more goods, leading to a sharp increase in jobs, sales and profits. This backs up the point that mass production was the most important factor to the American economic boom. Another point why mass production was the most important reason for the economic boom was the impact on electricity demand. Electricity demand shot up due to businesses needing electricity to power the machinery to mass produce products, interpretation B supports this as it says ‘Electricity consumption more than doubled during the decade mainly because of industrial demand’ the increase propelled a whole new area of business in America  creating thousands of jobs and further  strengthened the American economy showing further evidence that mass production was important to the boom. Mass production also effected domestic consumption of electricity. The increase of electricity usage further developed the economy of America. Interpretation B mentions the increase of power usage: ‘in 1912 only 16% of the population lived in electricity lit dwellings, the proportion had grown to 63% by 1927’ it also states ‘electrical household appliances came into general use. This can be used to criticize Interpretation C as it quotes ‘If every American could own a car and a house, buy quality clothes, own stock, take vacations and go to the movies then clearly there was no longer any significant inequality in society’ This quote is inaccurate as many across America did not see the benefits of the boom as interpretation C suggested. Much of the wealth was split between the North of America and the south. The north saw boomed while in the South the more agricultural based economy began to suffer, farmers where particularly affected by the boom new te chnologies and farming equipment left American farmers with a huge surplus of food. In order to sell the food farmers would drop and drop their prices until it soon became unprofitable and many became bankrupt and fell into poverty, hundreds of thousands of farmers land and homes were repossessed leaving them homeless. this is a criticism of interpretation C as it stated everybody had benefited from the war in America however it is untrue, whereas interpretation B states 63% lived in electricity lit dwellings not over exaggerating the impact it had and so making B more of a valid source. More evidence why mass production was the most important reason for the economic boom was the impact on electricity demand. Electricity demand shot up due to businesses needing electricity to power the machinery to mass produce products, interpretation B supports this as it says ‘Electricity consumption more than doubled during the decade mainly because of industrial demand’ the increase propelled a whole new area of business in America creating thousands of jobs and further strengthened the American economy showing further evidence that mass production was on necessities and not  luxuries while the male was away at war. This created a big stunt in the countries in economic growth. I also believe that passage C is not as important to boom in America, the passage asserts that America had the upper hand compared to its European rivals as WWII had devastated much of the European countries building factories and infrastructure. However this infact had the reverse effect that the passage expected, newly built factories in European countries had the latest technologies installed with modern planning and architecture compared to the previous buildings destroyed in the war. The rebuilding would have also increased productivity and kick-started economies as each country needed to develop and progress after the war. These countries needed lots of workers and so work was easy to find. People could earn wages and rebuild their lives by purchasing new houses. Consumer and governmental spending in the allied and Axis countries stimulated the countries’ economies leading to rapid economic growth. England and France quickly re-established their economies into even stron ger economic powers than before. Furthermore there was a huge amount of inequality in America, Racist inequality was at its highest during the 20’s with extremist groups such as the KKK gaining huge following from American people, and over 5 million people were members of the KKK in the 20’s. With 100’s of blacks being attacked and killed passage C is shown as a further inaccurate and invalid passage as it is contracted by evidence against it showing that America was not equal as Passage C suggest. A big criticism of interpretation D is that the piece is taken from an autobiography published almost 90 years after they had taken place, therefore the passage will not be as valid as a piece from the same time period. Also being an autobiography the piece will always have a bias towards Andrew Mellon and will possibly over play the role he had and will not mention any bad things about him. The passage is not as important as mass production impacted the whole of America on a national scale this showing that the innovation of businesses were more important than the  reforms he implemented. In conclusion I believe that mass production was the fundamental reason for the boom in the 1920’s. Their war was not important and did not have such an impact on American society as it was only a short term temporary effect on the economy, whereas mass production propelled all levels of society and business into economic growth and expansion. Interpretations a D are not as beneficial to the economy as they did not have such a major impact and interpretation D only made a small contribution to the economy unlike mass production which completely overhauled the whole American infrastructure permanently. Source C is also not a fully valid and reliable source, the passage has multiple criticisms due to the war being a very controversial point; however the war was a negative as it stifled the American economy and did not bring any long term positives to America. I believe that mass production was a much more significant reason for the boom in America as opposed to the war and Andrew Mellon’s policies as it had vast evidence of creating one of the most prosperous boom periods any economy has ever witnessed, this period saw America become the most affluent and powerful nations on earth from the 1920’s.

Eulogy for Mother :: Eulogies Eulogy

Eulogy for Mother When I was a young boy, there were three words that my mother said to me each morning, five days a week, nine months a year for 12 years....RISE AND SHINE, she would say. It meant we were to get up for another day of school. If I had known then, what I know now, there would have been about five words I would have said to her each time. My mother didn't have the benefit of a good, solid education. But, she was the smartest person I've ever known. She didn't have a diploma or degree from any school or university. But, she had a PhD in life and yet another, in love. Many had said of her that she did too much for us, her children. It was said that perhaps she loved us too much. But, I ask of you, just how can you do too much for your children and even more, how can you love them too much? What people seemed to forget was the circumstances surrounding our life at home when we were coming up. She had to be both mother and father to us. Yes, we had a father there, in body. It was mama who did for us, it was mama who watched out for us, it was mama who calmed our fears. It was mama who said that one day things would get better for us, that the light at the end of the tunnel wasn't an oncoming train. She was right. There are so many memories of her that I scarcely know where to begin. One that seems to be standing out most right now is when we moved to a place called Woolmarket, MS. This place was so far out in the woods, I think they had to import daylight to separate day from night. My first day in the second grade, I was confused as to what bus to take home from school. So, I decided I would walk home down the road I thought was where we lived. 'As you can imagine, my mother was frantic when the bus came by our house and I didn't get off. She got a neighbor to help her go looking for me, her wayward son. When they came across me, I was so embarrassed, I didn't want to get in the car. My mother ASSURED me I was getting into that car.

Capturing the Value of Supplementary Services

A brief note on Supplementary service verses standard service: The service as a product is essentially described as a package or bundle of different services, tangibles and intangibles, which all together form the total product. The package is divided into two main categories: the first one is the main service, which is called the ‘core service' or ‘substantive service'. The other one is ‘auxiliary services' or ‘extras', which are often referred to as ‘peripherals' or ‘peripheral services'. These are also known as supplementary services. The core service is the basic value provided by the service product.It is the reason to purchase or consume services. This is the reason for which any company is in business too. Supplementary services are those that facilitate and enhance use of the core services. These are services other than core that companies offer to their customers to give additional value to their products or to encourage customer loyalty. Flexible Services Offering: It has been observed through research that most suppliers typically provide customers with more services than they want or need at prices that often reflect neither the value of those services to customers nor the cost of providing them.Too many times the manufactures continue to let sales people give away whatever services they think it will take to land a deal, even if those freebies dramatically reduce the profitability of business. To overcome the cost associated with the above issues, the author has suggested the ‘flexible service offering’ model to enable manufacturing and service companies reduce the number and cost of services they use to augment their core products.This approach enables the company to identify a naked solution or a naked system (which is the bare-bones-minimum number of services uniformly valued by all customers in a given segment at the lowest possible price that yield a profit). These naked solutions are then wrapp ed with options – particular services valued by individual customers within the segment. The steps to achieve flexible service offering are, ? Understand the supplementary services portfolio.If the company compiles the complete inventory of supplementary service, then it can assess the value of each service and the cost of providing it. ? Assess the value of the service rather than just measuring the customer satisfaction. Results indicate that while customers determine their re-purchase intention based on both core and supplementary service quality, mediated by value and satisfaction there is a direct and positive relationship of involvement between customer satisfaction and value of supplementary service provided. Extend the activity-based-costing technique to supplementary services as well. If the manufacture can break down costs on segment-to-segment and customer-to-customer basis, then it is viable to determine the value/price of the service being offered. This helps ind ustries to target those market segments where their products or services provided the greatest value to customers and thus held the greatest potential for profit. Identify the existing standard services that can be done away with or specialized services that can be part of standardized services.Identify the existing optional services that can be discontinued. The benchmark here is simple: if the cost of the optional service exceeds the customers’ willingness to pay for it, the service should be discontinued. ? Apart from identifying the standard or optional services, to stay ahead in competition a manufacture has to continually innovate and produce new value added services. *For example in a survey taken by Hong Kong mobile phone industry to gauge the benefits of the supplementary services among the customers, it was reveled that the only one of the supplementary services (both optional and standard like pricing policy, staff assistance, customer service and transmission qual ity and network coverage) factor in the satisfaction determinants among the mobile phone users.The results suggest that network providers should focus more on transmission quality and network coverage as the core attributes of their service offerings and formulate appropriate ricing policy, rather than competing or focusing more on supplementary services like varied customer services. Benefits: When the supplementary services are offered with all the above attributes discussed in the flexible services offering section, there are lot many benefits the service providers gain and it also establishes the fact that trimming the supplementary services to what is required and beneficial to the manufacturer has benefits that far outweigh the benefits of keeping all the supplementary services just so as to satisfy the customer and keep the market share.Flexible service offering provides suppliers with a powerful means of retaining and expanding business with their most valuable customers. ? Helps customize the packages of products and services to meet more precisely the requirements of its spectrum of customers. ? Enables managers to be more adaptive and responsive in their pricing. ? Flexible service offering helps companies to revamp their sales force philosophies and practices. More control is given in the hands of the sales team there by enabling sales team to be more persuasive in explaining the value of services to the customers. #Case Study: Credit Card Marketing in Indian Industry The case study below deals with managing perceived risk for credit card purchase through supplementary services. Supplementary services can play a significant role in controlling functional and psychological perceived risk associated with credit card services. Marketers of credit cards can enhance the value of services to customers and can thus enhance purchase possibilities by reducing perceived risk through supplementary services that are controllable.Perceived risk is defined as th e uncertainty that consumers face when they cannot foresee the consequences of their purchase decisions. The supplementary services recognized in this case were, ? ATM access, cash advance, and cash withdrawal and other facilities to meet financial requirements effectively. ? ATM access, cash advance, and cash withdrawal facilities with credit card. ? Through add-on card other family members can also use the credit card. ? Buying airline/railway tickets by using credit card at special counters save time. Additional facilities with credit card increase its usage value. In a study done by the author (Dr. Anita Goyal), it was revealed that 79. 26% agree with the idea that supplementary services provide operational value. It was also inferred that there were significant differences in the frequency of perceptions towards the statements indicating the functional utility of supplementary services available with credit cards. 70. 64% agree that supplementary services with credit cards help them to take care of psychological risk.There is a favorable perception of supplementary services in controlling the psychological risk. Respondents feel mental satisfaction to have supplementary services with credit cards. Thus, consumers while deciding for a credit card purchase consider facilitating services and supplementary services as significant in providing help to consumers for pre-purchase evaluation of credit cards and to make credit card purchase decisions in the Indian environment.References: 1. * Customer Satisfaction in the Hong Kong Mobile Phone Industry. – Service Industries Journal; Jul99, Vol. 19 Issue 3, p162-174, 13p, 3 charts http://search. ebscohost. com/login. aspx? direct=true&db=bth&AN=2514451&site=ehost-live 2. ## Managing perceived risk for credit card purchase through supplementary services. – Journal of Financial Services Marketing; Mar2008, Vol. 12 Issue 4, p331-345, 15p, 6 charts. http://search. ebscohost. com/login. aspx? direct=true&d b=bth&AN=31227169&site=ehost-live

Animal Farm, Theme, Tone, Imagery Essay

The theme of â€Å"Animal Farm† by George Orwell is there are dangers of a naive working class if the abuse of language as instrumental to the abuse of power is applied. For example, on page 31 â€Å"Comrades! You do not imagine, I hope, that we pigs are doing this in selfishness and privilege? Milk and apples contain substances absolutely necessary to the well-being of a pig. We pigs are brain workers; the organization of the farm totally depends on us† Squealer cried. This is manipulation of language to make the Animals believe that the pigs should be given the best of the food production. According to Squealer mental work is more exhausting than physical work. This shows manipulation, because Orwell refers back to the Russian Revolution of 1917 when Stalin took over Russia and he didn’t follow Marx’s ideas, as Napoleon didn’t follow the idea of Animalism. Joseph Stalin killed anything in his path and modified the laws to his benefit, as Napoleon did throughout the book. Also, on page 100 the hens are requested to give six hundred eggs a week, and the other animals wore asked to build a windmill and a schoolroom while their food rations are being reduced. Everything in total is mostly for the pigs benefit, as in the schoolroom for the teachings of the young pigs, and the money for the sale of the eggs is making. There are dangers of having a naive working class because, people can be manipulated by the abuse of propaganda. Tone Orwell creates an indignant tone throughout the classic Animal Farm. The indignant tone is shown through out the book, because Orwell feels anger about how unfair the Russian Revolution was and, how naive society can be when people don’t work for rights. In Chapter V, â€Å"At this there was a terrible baying sound outside, and nine enormous dogs wearing brass-studded collars came bounding into the barn. They dashed straight for Snowball, who only sprang from his place just in time to escape their snapping jaws. † According to SparkNotes, Editors, â€Å"These words from Chapter V describe Napoleon’s violent expulsion of Snowball from Animal Farm, which parallels the falling-out between Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky. As Stalin did, Napoleon prefers to work behind the scenes to build his power by secrecy and deception, while Snowball, as Trotsky did, devote himself to winning popular support through his ideas and his eloquence. † The tone Orwell creates all refers back to the Russian Revolution, Napoleon decided to create his own power ignoring what the real idea of Animalism that Old Major created. Napoleon ignores Animalism, because creates a more of a totalitarian government. He makes himself President when in reality he is a dictator. Orwell shows that he is indignant about Joseph Stalin and how he used to kill people who got in a way of his power, as Napoleon who is really ambitious and kills opponents to his ideas. Imagery Through out the book Animal Farm, George Orwell uses examples of imagery to make a better vivid image to show the readers how unfair the Russian Revolution was. Old Major’s dream is an example of imagery. Old Major’s dream is about equality. Old Major tells the other animals that â€Å"Man is the only creature that consumes without producing,† and he encourages them to â€Å"work night and day, body and soul, for the over-throw of the human race. † In short, he explains that men have been taking advantage of them for years, and that it’s time for the tyranny of man to end but, what he is really talking about is rebellion. Major’s dream is a simplest version of Communist Manifesto; the basic idea of the Manifesto was capitalism was seriously unfair. The workers never saw the products of their labor because the capitalists, the people who owned the means of production claimed the profit for themselves. As in the book, Mr. Jones never showed the animals any affection or appreciation thus the animals for their work. The author used imagery in this occasion because he wanted to portray a negative view of how he attended his farm, and to give him an instant poor reputation because of his usage of alcoholism. Equally imagery was utilized by Orwell in pages 107-108 when a main working class character, Boxer, was being taken away by the Horse Slaughterer. Evidently, the usage of imagery helped to see how the animals responded towards the last seeing of one of their own, and how violent Boxer responded. In brief, all the vivid images Orwell cause was for the caused of the comprehension of how the ones being use by the ones with power are being affected. Imagery in Animal Farm helps the reader have a better idea and comprehension of what allegorically message Orwell is trying to transmit through the animals. Literary Devices Dramatic Irony is used throughout the book, dramatic irony was shown when Squealer and Napoleon persuasive the animals that Boxer died in peace. The death of Boxer shows Dramatic Irony because the reader knows that Boxer didn’t actually die in peace he actually was sent to a Slaughter house to get killed. Squealer tells the animals that the van that came to pick up Boxer was from hasn’t been repainted since the past owners. This is dramatic irony because the van clearly says, â€Å"‘Alfred Simmonds, Horse Slaughterer and Glue Boiler, Willingdon. Dealer in Hides and Bone-Meal. Kennels Supplied. In page 13 and 30 there was a bucket of milk left for the animals to use it in their mash, but once they left one animal stayed behind for some minutes, Napoleon, after the animals came back the milk had disappeared. Dramatic irony was seen and use here because the reader would comprehend how Napoleon actually took the milk for his food and some other pigs too, but wasn’t planning to share it with the rest of the animals in the farm, as it has been proven in page 30 when the animals found out that he actually took the milk. In a brief, page 13 the reader was actually the only one able to understand that Napoleon took the milk while the rest of the animals didn’t have a clue until page 30. Orwell wants the audience to know how the animals are been fooled and brain washed by Sealer and Napoleon and the animals are too naive to understand and see what really is happening. Genre Analysis Animal Far m is an example of an allegory classic; this novel teaches the reader how unfair was the Russian Revolution and what a big impact it had in the 1917-1921. Napoleon’s Initiative represents Stalin’s five year plans, In Animal Farm, Napoleon has the animals working harder than ever. Even the neighboring humans â€Å"had developed a certain respect for the efficiency with which the animals were managing their own affairs† But the animals are still starving. And just like Stalin, Napoleon uses tricks to â€Å"conceal this fact from the outside world† Napoleon sends the sheep out to talk about increased rations and has empty food bins filled with sand, lots of fiber, but unfortunately not too filling. Orwell is trying to teach the reader that society can be really dumb and easy to be manipulated, and people obey those who say they have power because society is too naive to take initiative of their own. The Hen’s rebellion represents Stalin’s Great Purge, The hens refuse to give up their eggs; Napoleon starves them; several of the hens die; the rest simply give up. Then, the pigs confess that they were working with Snowball and Mr. Frederick, and a moment later the dogs â€Å"tore their throats out† And then it happens again, with hens from the rebellion, a goose, and several sheep. Napoleon contradicts himself based on the first seven commandments, â€Å"No animal shall kill another animal†. Napoleon changes this commandment to â€Å"No animal shall be killed without cause. † Orwell wants the reader to understand that sometimes leaders change laws to their benefit and citizens don’t claim anything against them, because they are too scare to speak u. Animal Farm is a great allegoric novel because it teaches the reader how cruel the world can be when there is not actual equality and society gets intimated by people with power.

Personal Response Essay The Loons Essays

Personal Response Essay The Loons Essays Personal Response Essay The Loons Essay Personal Response Essay The Loons Essay She was rejected because she represented an ethnic group, which society then classified as a half-breed, neither Cree nor French. Though I cannot say that have personally experienced, to the same extent as Pique, the same type of alienation, I would have to say that I can relate to her with regards to being a half-breed. Coming from a family of multicultural backgrounds Ive never really noticed, that unlike most full blooded Filipinos, I actually stood out because I looked different when compared to them. On my dads side of the family, my great grandpa was Spanish, which explains my last name Lyrical, which Isnt your typical Filipino last name. On my moms side of the family, My great grandma was full Chinese and my retreat grandpa was half Portuguese, which I think explains some of our distinct features such as our lighter skin and browner eyes. So with that in mind, when everything came together, you get me! Many have told me that I don look full Filipino, some even say I don look It at all, but the one question that really sucks out In my head Is when people would Just randomly ask me, So what are you? I know they dont mean to be rude, it sometimes comes off to me as a little puzzling because if I tell them Filipino then they dont always believe me and then more questions come and this is usually when I egging to feel as if I need to explain myself! Although this doesnt bug me much, there are stereotypes and names that people would sometimes use, which may not seem rude or prejudice to them, but In reality can be really hurtful for us. The Tonsures were French half-breeds, and among themselves they spoke a patois that was neither Cree nor French. Their English was broken and full of obscenities. (1059) I find this a great example, which highlights how society, at the time, discriminated against differences in dialect. Language is a very Important factor because It Is the basis of understanding. Although I find people have been more accepting AT variations Ana Territories In languages Ana accents, tenure are still lingering stereotypes and underlying comments which can still be offensive to many. A perfect example would be, how people in my generation would label those whom just migrated to Canada , from another country, such as the Philippines, a FOB, which stands for, Fresh Off the Boat, because their English is not meeting societies standards. Vive been fortunate enough to live in Canada all my life and have not acquired the stereotypical fob accent, but it still affects me when I hear others using he term fob because though it is not directed to me, I still feel part of the group that they are referring to. One unconscious fear that people have, is being part of those alienated by society. Times have drastically changed and people have become more and more accepting of different races, cultures, languages, appearances, even sexual preference. As positive as this establishment has been, we cant deny that there will always be those individuals who will refuse and continually disapprove of these changes. I feel that Laurence did a great Job of expressing to the readers her sad findings about our society. In a way, The Loon, is a short story about life, how most of us are alone, rejected, alienated, and misunderstood. Ill tell you something else All the old bitched an biddies in this town will sure be surprised. Im getting married to this fall?my boyfriend, hes an English feels, works in the stockyards in the city there, a very tall guy, got blond wax. Y hair. Gee, is he ever handsome. Got this real classy name. Alvin Gerald Cummings?some handle, eh? (413) Like Pique, I think many of us can relate to the struggle that she had undergone, o try and keep her distinct personality and identity. We see her longing to belong and be accepted, into a society, whom even until the day she dies, cant help but continue to pass Judgment on her. I really enjoyed this short story because it really opened my eyes to many different aspects of life. Whether were a visible minority, or not, I think its all what we make of it. Ultimately, at the end of the day, I feel we are responsible for our actions and how we take things into account. Learn to love ourselves and accept who we are, and everything else should fall into place!

Word Choice Economic vs. Economical

Word Choice Economic vs. Economical Word Choice: Economic vs. Economical The words â€Å"economic† and â€Å"economical† are the stuff pedants’ nightmares are made of. This is because they have importantly distinct meanings, yet they seem very similar at first glance. Suffice to say, this causes a lot of confusion, even among native speakers of English. Thus, it makes sense to familiarize yourself with these terms so you know how to use them in your work. Economic (Related to Finance) The adjective â€Å"economic† is mostly used when referring to money, finances or the economy: To implement the plan, major economic reforms will be necessary. It can also be used when describing something connected to the study of economics: Various economic theories were proposed to explain the crisis. Sometimes, â€Å"economic† is used to describe the financial prospects of a particular company: The current business model will not be economic in the long term. If only someone had warned Blockbuster. [Photo: Ian Taylor]In all cases, however, â€Å"economic† refers to money and finances. Economical (Value for Money) â€Å"Economical† is also an adjective, but specifically refers to â€Å"value for money† or â€Å"avoiding waste†. For instance, if we were running an understaffed business with a limited budget, we might say: We need an economical solution to the personnel problem. The term â€Å"economical† also applies in non-financial situations involving efficient use of resources: I drive a hybrid because it’s economical on fuel. I wrote I   ⠝ ¤ Hybrid on it because I want everyone to know how awesome I am. So while â€Å"economical† often means â€Å"value for money,† it can be used to refer to thrifty use of any resource. Economic or Economical? While some use these terms interchangeably, in academic writing, it’s crucial to maintain the distinction between â€Å"economic† and â€Å"economical.† This will ensure clarity, helping you to communicate effectively. There’s no simple way to remember the difference between these terms, but it can help to think of â€Å"economical† as a variation of â€Å"economic.† This way, if â€Å"economic† has the general meaning of â€Å"pertaining to money,† adding the â€Å"-al† gives â€Å"economical† the specific meaning of â€Å"not wasteful.† Remember: Economic = Related to the economy/money Economical = Value for money/not wasteful

Briefly describe what the Boston Nature Center is and how they benefit Essay

Briefly describe what the Boston Nature Center is and how they benefit the community, also include the importance of environmental education on the community - Essay Example One of the ways that the community gets to benefit from BNC is the fact that they witness the hands on approach that ensures that the environment gets to where it is today. The community has also witnessed through the various programs set, the power that environmental education and care can do for the environment. The BNC has very scholarships that have ensured that it is possible to raise funds through many awareness projects. The money is raised towards a worthy cause in the area (Environmental department, p 1). Environmental education is important because it ensures that the citizens are aware of what needs to be done with the environment. This is in respect to conservation, preservation and the maturation of the environment to be what it can be when treated in the right way. They are also aware that the current environmental issues need to be addressed. This is with respect to the current environmental trends and those that will be experienced in future. The BNC is an area that ensures that all environmental issues are addressed to create a safe haven for each and every individual and creation that needs the environment to thrive for their ultimate survival (Environmental department, p 1). The center has ensured that many of the citizens benefit from the education. This is through the analysis of the information collected. Many of the citizens have volunteered and become environmental ambassadors. They have participated in the training and spread of knowledge. The education in the communi ty has also ensured that there are practical approaches to dealing with environmental issues. They included reduced dumping, planting of trees and the use of environment friendly

Pierce v. Society of Sisters Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Pierce v. Society of Sisters - Research Paper Example Is it poible for the state to demand that all children attent public school? In an undisputed decision, Supreme Court ruled on June 1, 1925 in contradiction of the State and in favor of parents in this case. According to the Court, this law violated Due Process Clause of Fourteenth Amendment: ...the Act of 1922 irrationally affects the freedom of parents and guardians to direct the education of children and upbringing of their children under their control. As frequently heretofore pointed out, the rights guaranteed by Constitution might not be curtailed by legislation that has no sensible relation to some purpose within the capability of a state. Fundamental theory of liberty that all governments recognized by this union, repose rejects any overall power of state to regulate its children by compelling them to admit instruction from only public teachers. Surpeme Court did this, though, it specified that a State has authority to require children to join some school and power to control schools to see to it that they are doing a good job at their education. Following this way, it confirmed the interest government has in mingling the young to citizenship, but repudiates nevertheless that the State has a domination in this project. These poored cold water on some statesas they were worried about the impact of the â€Å"foreign† and immigrant’s values well-thought-out public schools as a source of help; therefore these states enlisted laws intentionally to use these schools in order to promote common American culture. And on November 7 in 1922, Oregon electorates passed an ingenuity that rewritten Oregon Law Section 5259, which was the Compulsory Education Act. This ingenuity was mainly eliminate parochial schools. Accordingly, it led to a severe loss of revenue for private schools like the Non-sectarian and the Hill military academia! In conjunction, parents began withdrawing their children away from these schools in the untruthful believe that these will soon end. These laws were mainly aimed at eradicating Catholics schools. The Compulsory Education Act, preceding amendments, had demanded that all Oregon children between the age of eight to sixteen years to attend the public school. This was wit h exceptions. 1. Those mentally retarded/ physically unable to attend school 2. Those who had just graduated from their eighth grade 3. Those living more than a quantified distance by road from a nearby school 4. Those children thare are undergoing home-schooling or those that are tutored 5. Those that are attending a state

What are the most important values in Viet Nam culture Essay

What are the most important values in Viet Nam culture - Essay Example Family love extends to the society. They desire to live and die in their societies. The people have an obligation of filial piety. They desire to have a good name. A fragrant name is better than material possessions. The name comes with respect and admiration. People with riches but bad names are not respected. Bad names bring disgrace. Acquiring real names can be through heroic deeds and intellectual achievements. There are limited chances for heroic deeds. Thus, utilize the one at hand. Few people have exceptional qualities. The virtues triumphed include honesty, honor, modesty among others. They uphold the love of learning and knowledge. Having this quality commands respect and admiration. Learned people enjoy prestige. Virtues and knowledge are complementary aspects of ideal men. Learning is valuable than materials and wealth. Uneducated but wealthy people do not hold a place in the society. Scholars rank the first then the farmers and the businesspersons. Learning does not come from disinterested motives. Prestige and social status drive knowledge. Education transcends people to social leadership and opportunities. People should show respect to senior individuals. One must respect the parents and older siblings. They must show obedience in actions and words. Respect makes part of filial piety. Virtuous and learned people enjoy admiration and respect. Respect comes through virtuous lives. Also, it comes through heroic deeds. Linguistic devices and specific behaviors express respect. Respect is a vital factor in Vietnamese value system. A person with respect has more opportunities as compared to the

Genetic and Environmental Factors for Criminality

Genetic and Environmental Factors for Criminality Is a crime committed because the criminal is a rational being, able to make the decision to offend as an act of free will? Does the crime occur because environmental influences – parents, peer group, culture and so on – determined the act would invariably happen? Or is the real clue to be found in the genes: are criminals born not made?† (Hollin, 1989, p.3-4) Discuss each of these perspectives and consider which theory (or combination of theories) is the most plausible and why? Introduction: What motivates individuals to commit crimes, particularly violent crimes against other individuals has been the subject of research in criminology for over two hundred years. Globally the search for the causes of crime continues to form the bedrock of most criminological studies (McLaughlin et al., 2003, p.73).The nature versus nurture debate in respect of criminology has been central to the research, having been especially intense, and often emotional in explaining criminal behaviour (Sarbin and Miller, 1970). The debate regarding the relative impact of genetics and environmental influences continues to inform a considerable body of research. In respect of commission of crime two distinct schools of thought have dominated the debate. Classical criminologists approach the question from the standpoint of individuals having, and employing, a free will. They take no account of the circumstances or environment in which an individual has been formed, taking the view that a criminal commits a crime because he wants to, the deed depending only on the voluntary determination of the individual (McLoughlin et al., 2003, p.53). On the other hand are those who believe that an individual acts in a certain way as a result of the circumstances in which he finds himself. It is only when the circumstances conspire against an individual that he will commit a certain criminal act, but this will not happen simply as a consequence of his wanting to (McLoughlin et al., 2003, p.53). Those approaching the problem from this point of view believe that intervention programmes and improvements in circumstances could reduce levels of violent crime in society. The aim of this paper is to investigate these theories and the evidence in support of each of them. I will conclude with a consideration of which is the most plausible theory, or combination of theories, following on from the arguments given. The Concept of Crime and Criminology: Criminal acts may, in their simplest form be thought of as acts which are prohibited by the law and they can be specific to a particular culture, what is acceptable in one, being unacceptable and unlawful in another. There have been wide ranging definitions of what constitutes crime, but this has been problematic as there is no general agreement on what crime is (Jones, 2006).The fact that crimes do not constitute natural or homogenous behavioural categories poses particular difficulties in identifying the subject matter of criminology and for constructing theories of â€Å"crime† and â€Å"criminal behaviour† (Blackburn, 2000, p.16). Because of the difficulties faced in defining the patterns of behaviour associated with criminality, there is an associated difficulty in isolating the causal effects of intrinsic and extrinsic factors and the extent to which these exert an influence on an individual’s behaviour. More and more evidence is suggesting that the crimina l justice system is home to individuals with psychological problems. The fact that many of these problems have been shown to have a genetic component suggests that individuals could find themselves engaging in criminal activity (Jones, 2005). In order to address this problem and effectively treat the individuals involved, it is necessary to attempt to establish the causes of these psychological problems. Criminal Behaviour: Criminal behaviour is defined in the context of the legal structure adopted by a society. It is a widely held view that criminal behaviour falls within the realms of anti social behaviour. The influence of genetic components on anti social behaviour has been investigated by Morley and Hall. They suggest three different ways to define anti-social behaviour as follows: Anti-social behaviour can be equated with criminality and delinquency, with individuals involved being liable to arrest and involvement in the criminal justice system which may include prison; Anti-social behaviour can be defined as a result of personality disorders, particularly anti social behaviour problems which lead to an increased risk of involvement in criminal behaviour; Anti-social behaviour can be defined as a measure of personality traits, which can lead to an increased likelihood of engaging in criminal behaviour. These include aggression and impulsiveness, both of which have been associated with increasing levels of criminal behaviour. (Morley and Hall, 2003, cited in Jones, 2005). Genetic Factors: Family studies have been the focus of research for quite some time. While the early studies in this area suggested that there was an inherited basis for a predisposition towards criminal activity, it was shown that environmental influences could modify an individuals characteristics and personality (Joseph, 2001). Research like that carried out by Joseph was questioned largely in methodological terms, but nonetheless raised important questions which became the focus of a great deal of further research (Jones, 2005). In recent years the study of genetics, largely as a result of more sophisticated techniques, has become one of the fastest moving and most significant areas of modern science (Williams, 2004, p.131), giving an enormous insight into the make up and working of the human body, including the mind. Human behaviour patterns are generally accepted to be an interaction of life experiences and genetic predispositions (Mednick et al., 2003, p.77), with an acceptance of biological e xplanations only suggesting that criminals are inherently defective (Blackburn, 2000, p.136). The idea that genetics are a factor in criminal behaviour has existed for a very long time, one of the earliest studies in this area being carried out in 1877 by Richard Dugdale. His work investigated the criminal behaviour of a notorious American family called the â€Å"Jukes†, six of whom Dugdale had encountered in prison. When tracing their family tree over a period of two thousand yeas, Dugdale found a history of poverty, prostitution, and crime. With no scientific basis for his supposition, he attributed this to the â€Å"degenerate nature of the family, and despite the lack of scientific support, the work was very influential at the time. He did not consider the fact that the family members were being impacted upon by the same or very similar environmental factors which could have impacted substantially on their behaviour. By the end of the nineteenth century, scientific theories in respect of heredity had taken on increasing importance and were being supported by empirical evidence, albeit doubtful in validity. Another early writer, Goring, suggested in 1913 that criminal tendencies were basically inherited. He studies convicts from the same families and found that the correlation for criminal behaviour was very similar to that for some physical characteristics such as eye colour, and stature, suggesting that the genetic material passed on by parents was vital in shaping the way their children would turn out. Parents who were criminals would pass this trait on to their children in the same way in which they might pass on any other characteristic (Goring 1913, cited in Williams, p.132). Twin Studies: Twin studies have been important in trying to establish links between genetics and subsequent behaviour. There are two types of twins: Monozygotic twins come from the same egg. They are commonly known as identical twins, although this is, in fact, incorrect. They have the same genetic structure, are the same sex and have a very similar physical appearance. Dizygotic twins occur when two eggs are fertilised simultaneously and are no more genetically similar that any two siblings. It could therefore reasonably be said that if monozygotic twins were to behave in the same way, for example in criminal behaviour, this could be attributed to some sort of genetic influence. If crime is related largely to environmental influences, then it would be safe to assume that all twins would have the same chances of future criminal behaviour. Studies involving twins have been notoriously difficult because of the very similar environment in which they grow up, making it difficult to isolate genetic from environmental influences. The chances of monozygotic twins who are separated would be the ideal for the purposes of research but, due to the fact that twins are not often separated, the sample on which research can be based has traditionally been small. Such studies have nonetheless been carried out, one of the earliest of which was undertaken by the German physiologist Johannes Lang. he studied pairs of criminal twins and found that in 77% of cases concerning monozygotic twins, where one twin had a criminal record, not only did the other twin also have a record, but the patterns of the offences were similar in nature. In a group of dyzygotic twins, the correlation dropped to 12%, falling to only 8% when pairs of brothers were compared. The studies were subject to methodological flaws in so far as the identification process was based on observation only, and many of the twins came from psychiatric clinics which may mean that the chances of criminal behaviour were increased from the outset (Jones, 2006). Christiansen attempted to overcome some of the methodological problems of earlier work when he studied the entire database of twins in Denmark. For both male and female twins he found that the rates of offending were more highly correlated for monozygotic than for dizygotic twins. He also found that the more serious the offence, the stronger was the potential genetic component. He was nonetheless aware of the difficulty in separating genetic and environmental factors which he acknowledged in his work. Adoption Studies: Adoption studies have been central to research which has attempted to establish the relative roles of genetics and the environment in determining an individual’s behaviour. The rationale behind these studies is that if children adopted soon after birth resemble their biological parents more than their adoptive ones, the evidence points towards genetic rather than environmental explanations. One of the earlier studies in this field was carried out by Hutchings and Mednick in 1975. They compared adopted children whose fathers had criminal records with adopted children whose father did not. They reported a higher incidence of criminal behaviour in those children whose fathers had criminal records than in those whose fathers did not (cited in Towl and Crighton, 1996, p.15). These findings have been refuted by a number of subsequent studies which have suggested that these findings are unreliable, as only a very small number of adopted children engage in criminal behaviour in adulth ood. Stott has suggested that it is more likely that the predictor of this criminal behaviour is the result of problems encountered by mothers during pregnancy. Many of these problems are most prevalent in low socio economic groups which is typically the tier to which mothers who have their babies adopted tend to belong. He argues that it this rather than the operation of any genetic factors which accounts for the relationship between criminality in adopted children and their biological parents (Stott, 1982). Family Studies: Studies in this area which have attempted to ascertain the relative influences of genetics and the environment, have been largely unaccepted in academic circles. The most salient problem inherent in research of this nature is the notoriously difficult task of separating the nature from the nurture effects and therefore establishing causal links. While this is a problem that is also inherent in the twin studies, it is more apparent in family studies when the genetic similarity between siblings is less. Mednick and his colleagues tried to address this methodological issue when they investigated rates of criminal behaviour in children of criminal parents who had been adopted and were not therefore exposed to their parents. They found that the children of such parents were indeed more likely than the population in general to engage in offending behaviours, but that the genetic explanation did not account for the types of criminal behaviours these would be. They concluded that there was at least some genetic component in the commission of criminal behaviours (Mednick et al., 2003, p.89-90). Biological Factors: Recent research has suggested that characteristics observable at birth will develop in the context of the circumstances in which an individual finds himself. Manicus asserts that it is brain activity that provides the causal mechanism for behaviour thereby making biological processes as real a cause of crime as social processes (Manicus, 1987). Many studies have suggested that crime does, in fact, run in families. Research conducted by Blair and colleagues has pointed to a genetic component in the development of psychopathic tendencies. They suggest that as well as this genetic component, complications during the birth of some babies are a strong risk factor for later violent and anti social behaviour, but recognise that intervention and helping parents could be an important component of ensuring that such behaviour does not subsequently manifest itself (Blair et al., 2006). Problems encountered by mothers during pregnancy has been attributed to subsequent criminal behaviour. Chromosomes: Recent advances in the field of genetics have led criminologists to look at the role of chromosomes in the criminal behaviour. In particular scientists have investigated the sex chromosomes and their possible role in crime causation. This research began in 1965 when a British researcher, Patricia Hayes, examined chromosomal abnormalities in a group of Scottish prisoners. The blood test employed, a technique called karyotyping, revealed that twelve out of the 197 examined showed abnormalities in their chromosomes while seven were found to have an XYY chromosome. Normal males possess an XY chromosome, and while there are several different permutations of the chromosome, the XYY male was identified as potentially very dangerous and termed a â€Å"supermale.† A number of criminals have subsequently tried to offer this a defence saying that this biological trait was what spurred them on to criminal activity. This defence was successfully used in 1969 in Australia by one Lawrence E. Hannell, judged a â€Å"supermale† and subsequently released on the grounds of insanity. Other attempts have not been so successful. When such an attempt was made in the case of Richard Speck, accused of killing a number of his classmates in the United States, he was not acquitted and it was later revealed that he did not, in fact, have an additional Y chromosome. While a number of studies have subsequently been carried out in this area the majority or the research has suggested that this is a theory with little or no substance. In their study Sarbin and Miller concluded that â€Å"studies done this far are largely in agreement and demonstrate rather conclusively that males of the XYY type are not particularly aggressive† (Miller and Sarbin, 1970, p.199). Genetic Causes: Family studies have been the focus of criticism but research carried out by Brunner and colleagues has made a considerable contribution to the research in this area. Despite the relatively unsuccessful investigation into the role of chromosomes as a possible cause of criminal behaviour, in the 1990s Brunner and his colleagues claimed that they had uncovered a specific gene which was linked to criminal behaviour. They engaged in an extensive study of what was termed â€Å"the Netherland’s most dysfunctional family†. The male members of the family in question seemed to be unable to control their violent tendencies and were frequently arrested. Tracing the family back for five generations, Brunner et al. found fourteen men whom he said were predisposed to criminality, including violence towards members of their own family who were female. Brunner and his colleagues suggested that because men have only one X chromosome they are especially vulnerable to any defective gene. After a decade of intensive research the scientists claimed that they had isolated this defective gene. The gene, they said is the one which is responsible for production of the enzyme â€Å"monoamine oxidase A†, which is involved in the process by which signals are transmitted in the brain. Specifically it breaks down serotonin and noradrenaline which, when found in excess, have been linked to aggressive behaviour in humans. Since men with the mutated gene identified by Brunner and his colleagues do not produce the enzyme necessary to break down chemical transmitters, researchers suggested that they were overwhelmed by stimuli in the brain, a situation that causes uncontrollable urges and leads them into criminal behaviour (Schmalleger, 1996, p.182). While the authors accepted the fact that their research had not been replicated in any other s tudies, they did suggest that this was an area for future research, suggesting as it did, that genetics play an important role in criminal behaviour (Brunnet et al., 1993). Monoamine oxidase has been linked with other neurochemicals which may be linked to criminal and antisocial behaviour (Jones 2005). Eysenck’s personality theory has been used to measure possible factors of personality which may be influential in the commission of crime. Suggesting that within the criminal fraternity different types of crimes are related to different personality patterns (Eysenck, 2003, p.93) Eysenck has pointed out that it is connected to norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine, all of which have been linked with personality traits important in psychosis Eysenck, 1996). Biochemical Factors: An increasing awareness of the physiology of the human brain, coupled with more sophisticated techniques, is leading modern criminologists to investigate the effects that certain biochemicals have on behaviour. If it were to be established that certain chemical imbalances were responsible for certain types of criminal behaviour, then this would lend weight to the theory that certain behaviours are indeed not within the control of an individual. The Effect of Serotonin: Current research centres on the role of neurotransmitters, chemicals in the brain which are fundamentally important to all human behaviour. There has been considerable research in respect of serotonin levels and the role this plays in criminal behaviour, where it has been identified as an important element. Serotonin has been shown, in both animal and human studies, to be an inhibitor of aggression, so low levels of serotonin have been linked to violence and suicide in humans (Williams, 2004, p.152). Raine found that individuals who were prone to anti social behaviour had lower than normal levels of serotonin in their brains (Raine, 1993), a relationship also found in research carried out by Virkkunen and Linnoila (1993). This would appear to confirm the findings of the Dutch study described above. Serotonin has been linked to brain development and it has been suggested that a disorder in this development system could lead to an increase in levels of aggressiveness and impulsivity, s uggesting that the individual in this case would not have full control over his actions. While scientists have been able to link a number of neurotransmitters, with various sorts of anti social behaviour, the nature of the relationship is not completely understood. It is unclear whether these neurotransmitters are linked to all aggression or are linked to specific types of aggression and may lead to the commission of certain specific acts and crimes. Williams points out that the role of neurotransmitters is a classic chicken and egg situation. It is not known whether the mood produces the neurotransmitters or whether the neurotransmitters lead to changes in an individual’s mood (Williams, 2004, p.153). Criticisms of the Biological Approaches: Attempts to explain criminal behaviour in the context of biology and genetics have been criticised, often on the basis of methodology. Walters and White have criticised many of the studies carried out on the basis that they have been badly designed, and largely inadequate in addressing the relevant issues. In particular they highlight the following shortcomings: Few biological studies have adequately explained the concept of criminology, often relying on a single arrest as an indicator of criminal tendencies; Twin studies, in particular, have often been inaccurate in identification of monozygotic and dizygotic twins; Biological data has often been based on interviews with individuals which is subjective in its nature and therefore open to a range of interpretations; Methodological problems are common including small sample sizes, lack of control groups and the use of inappropriate data analysis techniques; Results have not shown consistency from country to country. (Walters and White, 1989). Personality Disorders: The term â€Å"personality† is used to describe an individual’s temperamental and emotional attributes that are relatively consistent and will influence behaviour (Jones, 2006, p.398). In recent years there has been an increasing focus on individual personality traits, persistent or stable personality characteristics, and disorders and this focus has been seen as extremely useful in predicting future criminal behaviour. Theories talk about a criminal personality in which it is assumed that individuals possess definable and dominant sets of rules which determine how they will behave in virtually any situation (Williams, 2004, p.178). Many tests of personality have been developed by psychologists over the years in order to test the theory that those who have criminal tendencies have personalities which are different from those of the normal population. Many of the personality disorders which manifest themselves are initially evidenced in childhood. If it were indeed to be the case that these are predictive of later criminal behaviour, intervention with children displaying personality disorders may be a useful preventative measure. Holmes and colleagues have identified three personality disorders which can be diagnosed in childhood and have been shown to be predictive of later behaviour: Oppositional Defiance Disorder – characterised by argumentativeness and non-compliance. As these children become older their behaviour often changes for the worse, with them often starting to engage in petty crime and displaying aggression to their peers and others; Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder – children with this disorder are unable to stay focused on any one task for anything but a short period of time. These children are unable to analyse the consequences of their behaviour, cannot easily see things from another’s point of view and are generally unable to learn from their previous behaviour; Conduct Disorder – children diagnosed with this disorder are already at the stage where they have begun to break society’s rules. This is the most severe of the three personality disorders as diagnosed in childhood and is often predictive of the development of Anti Social Personality Disorder, a disorder which can only be diagnosed when an individual is aged eighteen, and at which point they have travelled quite far down the road of anti social behaviour and not conforming with the norms in society. (Holmes et al., 2001). With a clear link established between these early childhood disorders and future criminal behaviours, early diagnosis and effective interventions are vital in this area. Tests for determining an individual’s personality and the likelihood for future criminal behaviour have come under considerable scrutiny. The tests themselves have developed considerably in their complexity and the sophistication of their methodology but a study by Arbuthnot and colleagues stated that the doubtful validity of much of the research that had gone on in this area prevented their coming to the conclusion that there was a link between personality and criminal behaviour (Arbuthnot et al., 1987). Problems in respect of personality theories have mainly concerned the way in which personality has been measured, usually on some numerical scale. Personality tests are also problematic in that they require objective attitudes in respect of what constitutes normal. Inherent in the use of personality tests is that those who commit crimes and go against the norm must have something different from that which is viewed as normal. The personality theories that have found the most application in the context of criminality are psychoanalytic explanations and the learning theories. There is some evidence that personality difficulties displayed in childhood are highly predictive of later criminal behaviour and can be inherited. Personality theories have not really seen much application in the predictive context, having been used mainly in respect of treatment after an offence has been committed. The rationale behind using personality tests is that behaviour can be changed by behaviour modification techniques. Criticisms of Personality Theories: Personality theories generally assume that all individuals have a core personality which explain how they will react to a wide variety of stimuli and whether they are likely to become criminal. They take little account of the fact that these could be changed through interventionist or environmental factors. Environmental Influences: Criticisms have been levelled at the approach which considers genetics as being the dominant factor in criminal behaviour, often because the methodology of the research conducted has been questioned. One such study was that carried out in Denmark in 1977 by Christainsen who reported that identical twins inherited some common characteristics that increased the likelihood of their becoming involved in criminal behaviour (Crristiansen, 1977). The criticisms levelled at this and other similar research is the fact that twins may share higher than average levels of shared experiences, thereby making it difficult to isolate the genetic component as a causal factor in such studies. The first real attempts to consider crime in the context of where criminal lived, and their associated environment, took place in the 1820s in France and Belgium. These studies were pioneered by Adolphe Quetlet and Andre-Michel Guerry who collected data about the areas in which criminals lived, and in so doing began a field of research that would continue throughout Europe for a long time to come, eventually being adopted by American and global researchers also. Modern Environmental Criminology: It has been suggested that the impact of the environment on behaviour reduces with age. While adults are able to exercise some choice as to their environment, children have no such choice, so the impact of the environment in more profound (Jones, 2005). Reluctance to consider genetic factors as instrumental in criminal conduct has had political overtones (Haller, 1968), as it suggests a somewhat depressing prognosis for individuals born with the genetic predisposition to become criminals. The idea that there as an inextricable link between crime and the environment has been considered as an alternative and really came to the fore in the UK in the 1970s, with crime figures beginning to rise sharply, and crime being increasingly attributed to young, disaffected males living in areas of social deprivation (Jones, 2006, p.134). Situational Crime Theory: The ideas surrounding environmental criminology have had a considerable impact on public policy in the UK. The Home Office Research Unit was set up in the 1950s and began to work on what it called situational crime prevention, an attempt to reduce the opportunities to commit crime. This approach does not see crime as the result of any physiological or biological impulses but sees it as more opportunity driven which causes individuals to make choices in the context of these situational factors (Jones, 2006, p.138). Situational crime theory does not focus on career criminals who will find their own opportunities to commit crime, but seeks to address the problem of those who may not have been involved in the criminal justice system before. In the context of this theory the key factor is opportunity and the exercise of free will, and proponents of this approach argue that a reduction in opportunities will, in turn, lead to a reduction in the commission of crime. Situational crime theory has its critics who suggest that the theory focuses too greatly on the crime at the expense of focusing on the type of persons involved in the commission of crimes. Tonry has argued that it is likely to increases the fear of crime among the general public (Tonry, 2004). Despite criticisms, recent research carried out in London has added weight to the idea that there may indeed be a causal link between deprivation, crime and a particular area, when a study by Dorling and colleagues in 2001 suggested that patterns of social deprivation in London have changed very little since the turn of the nineteenth century (Dorling et al., 2001). Crime and Poverty: Because large numbers of crimes are committed by people who have very little money, there has long been a school of thought that there is a causal link between crime and poverty. This is a view which has been held for many years and was first investigated in France by Guerry who found that in the more affluent areas there were higher rates of crime against property while in the poorer areas there were higher incidences of violent crime. There were poor people living in the more affluent areas and Guerry concluded that it was not poverty per se that caused higher rates of crime but the fact that there was more opportunity in the wealthier areas for crime against property. Recent research as been inconclusive regarding the role played in criminal activity by poverty. What does appear to be clear is that there is no direct link between crime and poverty as an isolated factor as there are, for example, many tribes who are materially very poor but did not engage in high levels of criminal activity (Williams, 2004, p.286). Research has suggested that poverty only becomes a factor in criminal activity when there is a large degree of social inequality, a large gap between the â€Å"haves† and the â€Å"have-nots†. This leads to the suggestion that if, in the population as a whole, there was a degree of poverty, this would not lead to higher rates of crime. This has been coupled with the suggestion that it is not even the inequality which is the causal factor but the perception that this is unfair which leads to higher levels of criminal activity (Stack, 1984). Recent theories have investigated the link between crime and inequality and it has been suggested by Vold and his colleagues, who refer to a number of studies, that there is a link between inequality and violent crime including homicide (Vold et al., 2002). Family: In terms of environmental factors, none is more important or exerts such an influence in shaping an individual as the family in which he grows up. Famil